龙苑中学第二版B1
相关内容列表
首页 > 幸福悦读 > 大家读大家
《文言文教学教什么》教学启示——李盼

作者(来源):[暂无]    发布时间:2020-10-29


一、   关于该书的教学思考

书中有四句话,很有感触,分别谈谈自己的思考。

(一)因学定教:关注学生的接受水平

初一学生开始较多地学习文言文,接触课外文言文阅读,会有畏难的情绪。就学生学习情况来看,书本上字词注释比较全面,学生结合注释能够疏通大概的意思。在课外文言文练习中,所提供的注释不是很多,从这两个月的练习来看,学生学习情况主要有三种。第一种,课文意思几乎看不懂,几乎不得分;第二种,感觉好像看懂了,但得分不多。第三种 ,能大体读懂,得到较多分。我们的学生主要为前两种,不得分或得分很少。  

(二)因体定教:“体”是体裁,什么样的体裁就有什么样的特点,就制约着什么样的教学内容

目前,课内和课外学习的都是写人叙事类的文章,主要是要了解情节,感受人物的特点。把学习现代记叙文的方法,尝试运用到文言文中,梳理时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

(三)在帮助学生疏通文意的过程中,依据什么来进行字词解释的?

因为课本上有注释,学生不会去主动思考字词的意思,也不会思考字词解释的依据。因此拿到一篇新的文章,很难弄清字词句的意思,更何况是在时间有限的考试下。                                                                                                          

(四)学生需要学习什么?学生怎样学才好?

综合上述三点,我做了如下思考:

最重要的,调动他们的兴趣和好奇心。常常听到他们说:“老师,我就是这句没看懂,正好就考到了这一句”“原来是这个意思,跟我想的完全不一样”。有时候看他们也在努力读,但是就是看不懂的样子也很有趣。当他们自我感觉能看懂百分之四十至百分之七十的时候,是最愿意探索的。当前阶段要充分利用好这一点。

尝试教一些理清文章脉络的方法,猜测字词意思的方法。课堂上总是跟学生说“联系上下文”这几个字,但究竟在文言中字词的猜测可以怎么做,需要我带着他们慢慢尝试。

二、在教学实践中的运用

本学期恰好学习两篇《世说新语》中的两篇文章,我用图示法来梳理时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果,在此基础上进行进一步的讲解。接着,在课外文言文练习讲评的时候,请学生按这样的思路和方法进行梳理。具体如下:

原谷谏父

原谷有祖,年老,谷父母厌憎,欲捐之。谷年十有五,谏父曰:“祖育儿生女,勤俭终身,岂有老而捐之者乎?是负义也。”父不从,作舆,捐祖于野。谷随,收舆归。父曰:“汝何以收此凶具?”谷曰:“他日父母老,无需更作此具,是以收之。”父惭,悔之,乃载祖归养。

(一)找出人物,及其身份和关系

(二)找出文章中的动词来梳理事件的起因、经过和结果

这一环节有些难,我会明确的告诉他们,一般人物出现的后面往往是他们做了什么,可能就会有动词,先尝试找出来就行。

(三)结合上下文,推测词义

这篇文章考查“捐”和“谏”,恰巧是上一环节中涉及到的核心动词,是理解文章内容的重要环节,也恰巧是学生都不懂的地方。

“捐”的考查重在辨析“抛弃”还是“捐赠”。请学生关注“原谷有祖,年老,谷父母厌憎,欲捐之” 和“捐祖于野”。这两句是学生能够了解大概意思的。接着提问引导学生思考:父母讨厌祖父,还把他放在野外,想想“抛弃”和“捐赠”哪个更合适?

   推测“谏”,请学生联系这个词所在的句子,即原谷说话内容“祖育儿生女,勤俭终身,岂有老而捐之者乎?”以及“父不从”。

    当这样的图出来,每个人物的言和行就很清楚了,学生可以借助这个图做人物形象题。练习考察原谷人物形象,可以在图上快速定位到原谷。然后,我们用这个图,也分析了父亲的人物形象。

(四)品人物行为的妙处,激发兴趣

请学生关注谷曰:“他日父母老,无需更作此具,是以收之。”学生大体上能够了解字面意思,接着我追问:原谷究竟收回小推车的根本原因是什么?并且给出提示,请结合事件的结尾“父惭,悔之,乃载祖归养。”接下来我进行小结:原来啊,等父母老了,原谷打算也用小推车把父母抛弃到野外,就像父亲抛弃祖父一样。一开始原谷只是言语劝父亲,但后来用相同的方式来告诫父亲不要这样做,最后的效果非常有效。原谷的方法怎么样?原谷表现得怎么样?讲完这里,学生想到了“以牙还牙”,也夸原谷好聪明。我想,他们应该是体会到妙处了。

三、教学实践效果反思

此外,我们还用这样的方法读了另一篇相似的文言文,也是儿子巧妙地规劝父亲。这两篇讲解花费了两课时, 有时候也会心疼课时,因为会导致课本教学进度慢了。我也在想,真正考试的时候,学生还是一股脑儿的看下来,然后大多数学生看不懂,得不了几分。这是赤裸裸的现实。但是,我想想,他们刚刚接触课外文言文,是最好的激发兴趣的时候,让他们感受文言文“言有尽,而意不穷”的妙处。

最近做课外文言文,学生交完卷子会第一时间讨论,回答的不一样还会来问我答案,问我句子的意思。我觉得,他们对文言文有兴趣了,可能就是那种我就要把你读懂的感觉。其实,文言文阅读需要大量的字词积累和较好的理解力,很难在短时间内提高阅读能力和分数,但是我还是鼓励他们:努力读,考试的时候看不懂或者来不及看,那我们就下课慢慢读;要是你还是没得什么分,也没关系,只要你这一次比上一次多读懂了一些,这就是进步。这是对他们说,也是对我自己说。

 

 

 




版权所有:上海市徐汇区龙苑中学
地址:黄石路85号  联系电话:54358566-107 Email:lyxx_xug@xhedu.sh.cn