一、   关于该书的教学思考

书中有四句话，很有感触，分别谈谈自己的思考。

（一）因学定教：关注学生的接受水平

初一学生开始较多地学习文言文，接触课外文言文阅读，会有畏难的情绪。就学生学习情况来看，书本上字词注释比较全面，学生结合注释能够疏通大概的意思。在课外文言文练习中，所提供的注释不是很多，从这两个月的练习来看，学生学习情况主要有三种。第一种，课文意思几乎看不懂，几乎不得分；第二种，感觉好像看懂了，但得分不多。第三种 ，能大体读懂，得到较多分。我们的学生主要为前两种，不得分或得分很少。  

（二）因体定教：“体”是体裁，什么样的体裁就有什么样的特点，就制约着什么样的教学内容

目前，课内和课外学习的都是写人叙事类的文章，主要是要了解情节，感受人物的特点。把学习现代记叙文的方法，尝试运用到文言文中，梳理时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

（三）在帮助学生疏通文意的过程中，依据什么来进行字词解释的？

因为课本上有注释，学生不会去主动思考字词的意思，也不会思考字词解释的依据。因此拿到一篇新的文章，很难弄清字词句的意思，更何况是在时间有限的考试下。                                                                                                          

（四）学生需要学习什么？学生怎样学才好？

综合上述三点，我做了如下思考：

最重要的，调动他们的兴趣和好奇心。常常听到他们说：“老师，我就是这句没看懂，正好就考到了这一句”“原来是这个意思，跟我想的完全不一样”。有时候看他们也在努力读，但是就是看不懂的样子也很有趣。当他们自我感觉能看懂百分之四十至百分之七十的时候，是最愿意探索的。当前阶段要充分利用好这一点。

尝试教一些理清文章脉络的方法，猜测字词意思的方法。课堂上总是跟学生说“联系上下文”这几个字，但究竟在文言中字词的猜测可以怎么做，需要我带着他们慢慢尝试。

二、在教学实践中的运用

本学期恰好学习两篇《世说新语》中的两篇文章，我用图示法来梳理时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果，在此基础上进行进一步的讲解。接着，在课外文言文练习讲评的时候，请学生按这样的思路和方法进行梳理。具体如下：

原谷谏父

原谷有祖，年老，谷父母厌憎，欲捐之。谷年十有五，谏父曰：“祖育儿生女，勤俭终身，岂有老而捐之者乎？是负义也。”父不从，作舆，捐祖于野。谷随，收舆归。父曰：“汝何以收此凶具？”谷曰：“他日父母老，无需更作此具,是以收之。”父惭，悔之，乃载祖归养。

（一）找出人物，及其身份和关系

（二）找出文章中的动词来梳理事件的起因、经过和结果

这一环节有些难，我会明确的告诉他们，一般人物出现的后面往往是他们做了什么，可能就会有动词，先尝试找出来就行。

（三）结合上下文，推测词义

这篇文章考查“捐”和“谏”，恰巧是上一环节中涉及到的核心动词，是理解文章内容的重要环节，也恰巧是学生都不懂的地方。

“捐”的考查重在辨析“抛弃”还是“捐赠”。请学生关注“原谷有祖，年老，谷父母厌憎，欲捐之” 和“捐祖于野”。这两句是学生能够了解大概意思的。接着提问引导学生思考：父母讨厌祖父，还把他放在野外，想想“抛弃”和“捐赠”哪个更合适？

   推测“谏”，请学生联系这个词所在的句子，即原谷说话内容“祖育儿生女，勤俭终身，岂有老而捐之者乎？”以及“父不从”。

    当这样的图出来，每个人物的言和行就很清楚了，学生可以借助这个图做人物形象题。练习考察原谷人物形象，可以在图上快速定位到原谷。然后，我们用这个图，也分析了父亲的人物形象。

（四）品人物行为的妙处，激发兴趣

请学生关注谷曰：“他日父母老，无需更作此具,是以收之。”学生大体上能够了解字面意思，接着我追问：原谷究竟收回小推车的根本原因是什么？并且给出提示，请结合事件的结尾“父惭，悔之，乃载祖归养。”接下来我进行小结：原来啊，等父母老了，原谷打算也用小推车把父母抛弃到野外，就像父亲抛弃祖父一样。一开始原谷只是言语劝父亲，但后来用相同的方式来告诫父亲不要这样做，最后的效果非常有效。原谷的方法怎么样？原谷表现得怎么样？讲完这里，学生想到了“以牙还牙”，也夸原谷好聪明。我想，他们应该是体会到妙处了。

三、教学实践效果反思

此外，我们还用这样的方法读了另一篇相似的文言文，也是儿子巧妙地规劝父亲。这两篇讲解花费了两课时， 有时候也会心疼课时，因为会导致课本教学进度慢了。我也在想，真正考试的时候，学生还是一股脑儿的看下来，然后大多数学生看不懂，得不了几分。这是赤裸裸的现实。但是，我想想，他们刚刚接触课外文言文，是最好的激发兴趣的时候，让他们感受文言文“言有尽，而意不穷”的妙处。

最近做课外文言文，学生交完卷子会第一时间讨论，回答的不一样还会来问我答案，问我句子的意思。我觉得，他们对文言文有兴趣了，可能就是那种我就要把你读懂的感觉。其实，文言文阅读需要大量的字词积累和较好的理解力，很难在短时间内提高阅读能力和分数，但是我还是鼓励他们：努力读，考试的时候看不懂或者来不及看，那我们就下课慢慢读；要是你还是没得什么分，也没关系，只要你这一次比上一次多读懂了一些，这就是进步。这是对他们说，也是对我自己说。